Red Square. The very name conjures images of powerful history, grand architecture, and the heart of Russia. More than just a vast open space, Red Square is a UNESCO World Heritage site, a testament to centuries of Russian history, and a focal point for both national pride and global fascination. This iconic landmark has witnessed coronations, parades, revolutions, and countless other significant events, making it a must-see destination for any visitor to Moscow. Let’s delve deeper into the history, architecture, and significance of Red Square.
The History of Red Square
Red Square’s history is as rich and complex as the country it represents. From its humble beginnings as a marketplace to its current status as a symbol of Russia, the square has undergone significant transformations.
Early Days as a Marketplace
- Originally known as “Torg” (Marketplace) or “Pozhar” (Burnt Place), Red Square wasn’t always the polished space it is today.
- In the 15th century, Ivan III ordered the demolition of wooden structures around the Kremlin walls to prevent fires. This created an open area that gradually evolved into a bustling marketplace.
- The square was a chaotic hub of trade, filled with stalls, merchants, and the daily hustle and bustle of Muscovite life.
- Over time, the area began to acquire more permanent structures, signaling its transition from a simple marketplace to a more significant public space.
Evolution and Naming
- The name “Red Square” (Krasnaya Ploshchad) doesn’t actually derive from the color of the bricks. “Krasnaya” in old Russian meant “beautiful,” and the square was named for its increasing importance and beauty.
- The name “Red Square” officially appeared in the 17th century.
- Throughout the centuries, Red Square has been the backdrop for crucial moments in Russian history, including public executions, religious processions, and military parades.
- The square has also seen its share of turmoil, including riots and rebellions.
Red Square in the Soviet Era
- Following the Bolshevik Revolution, Red Square became the main square of the Soviet Union.
- Massive military parades were held here to showcase Soviet power, particularly during the Cold War.
- The Lenin Mausoleum was erected in 1924, becoming a somber landmark and a symbol of communist ideology.
- Stalin’s funeral was held in Red Square, highlighting its central role in Soviet state ceremonies.
Architectural Marvels Surrounding the Square
Red Square is framed by some of Russia’s most iconic and impressive architectural landmarks, each telling its own story.
St. Basil’s Cathedral
- Perhaps the most recognizable symbol of Russia, St. Basil’s Cathedral is a masterpiece of Russian Orthodox architecture.
- Commissioned by Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century to commemorate the capture of Kazan, the cathedral is a riot of colors and shapes.
- Legend has it that Ivan the Terrible had the architect blinded after its completion to ensure he could never create anything so beautiful again.
- Each of the cathedral’s ten chapels is dedicated to a different saint or event related to the Kazan campaign.
- Don’t miss the intricate interior details and the unique acoustics within.
The Kremlin Walls and Towers
- The imposing red brick walls of the Kremlin enclose a complex of cathedrals, palaces, and government buildings.
- Each of the Kremlin’s towers has its own unique design and history.
- The Spasskaya Tower, with its iconic clock, is perhaps the most famous. Its chimes mark the hour and have become a symbol of Moscow.
- The Kremlin walls have been rebuilt and renovated numerous times over the centuries.
GUM Department Store
- Facing Red Square, GUM is a luxurious department store housed in a stunning late 19th-century building.
- Originally built as a state department store during the Soviet era, it has been transformed into a high-end shopping destination.
- The building’s glass roof and elaborate interior design make it a popular attraction even for those not interested in shopping.
- GUM often hosts exhibitions and events, adding to the vibrant atmosphere of Red Square.
The State Historical Museum
- Located at the northern end of Red Square, the State Historical Museum houses a vast collection of artifacts documenting Russian history from ancient times to the present.
- The museum’s distinctive red brick façade and elaborate gables make it a prominent landmark.
- Inside, you’ll find exhibits on everything from prehistoric settlements to the Romanov dynasty.
- Allow ample time to explore the museum’s extensive collections.
The Significance of Lenin’s Mausoleum
The Lenin Mausoleum remains a controversial but undeniably significant landmark in Red Square.
History and Design
- The mausoleum houses the embalmed body of Vladimir Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Union.
- The current granite structure is the third version of the mausoleum, replacing earlier wooden and temporary versions.
- The design is a stark contrast to the ornate architecture of St. Basil’s Cathedral and GUM, reflecting the Soviet emphasis on simplicity and functionality.
Visiting the Mausoleum
- Visiting the mausoleum is a somber and carefully controlled experience.
- Visitors must observe strict rules of conduct, including silence and no photography.
- The lines to enter can be long, particularly during peak season.
- The mausoleum remains a potent symbol of the Soviet era and its legacy.
Controversy and Debate
- The presence of Lenin’s body in Red Square remains a topic of debate in Russia.
- Some advocate for his burial, arguing that it is time to move on from the Soviet past.
- Others argue that the mausoleum is an important historical monument and should be preserved.
- Regardless of one’s opinion, the mausoleum is an undeniable part of Red Square’s history and identity.
Experiencing Red Square Today
Red Square remains a vibrant and dynamic public space, attracting millions of visitors each year.
Events and Activities
- Red Square is frequently used for concerts, festivals, and other public events.
- During the winter months, an ice rink is often set up in the square.
- Victory Day parades are held annually on May 9th, commemorating the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany.
- The Spasskaya Tower Clock Festival is a spectacular event featuring military bands from around the world.
Practical Tips for Visiting
- Wear comfortable shoes, as you’ll be doing a lot of walking.
- Be aware of your surroundings and take precautions against pickpockets.
- Visit early in the morning or late in the evening to avoid the crowds.
- Consider hiring a guide to learn more about the history and architecture of the square.
- Take advantage of the photo opportunities, but be respectful of the solemnity of the space.
Beyond the Square
- Red Square is a gateway to exploring other attractions in Moscow, including the Kremlin, the Bolshoi Theatre, and the Tretyakov Gallery.
- The nearby Kitay-gorod district offers a glimpse into Moscow’s historic commercial center.
- Take a stroll along the Moskva River for stunning views of the city skyline.
Conclusion
Red Square is more than just a square; it’s a living testament to Russian history, culture, and resilience. From its origins as a bustling marketplace to its current status as a UNESCO World Heritage site, Red Square has witnessed centuries of triumphs and tragedies. The architectural marvels that surround it – St. Basil’s Cathedral, the Kremlin walls, GUM, and the State Historical Museum – each contribute to the square’s unique and unforgettable atmosphere. Whether you’re a history buff, an architecture enthusiast, or simply a curious traveler, Red Square is a destination that will leave a lasting impression. So, plan your visit, immerse yourself in the history, and experience the grandeur of Russia’s iconic Red Square.
